z) Social j'lrohiciiis, c'oiitraclicrioiis, contlicrs hetwoc'n groups aiui classes and e\ en social forces \ anislied from the agenda of social sciences. Kor example srudies on jio\errv or on the miserahle conditions tit urban or rural workers were no more interesting - not so sa\ legitimate and jiopular objects of stucK. .\nd if tbisdike issues were treated, the paradigm was “consensual”, stressing common aims and interests, (.'onflicts were seen at the same time as irrational and something that was not “natural.” d Structural and sociological explanations (tjuite commonh utilised before the war ' were largeK' replaced In ideological and doctrinal explanations. I'his was the case e\ en m the fields <it social- and economic history, sociolog\' and social police. In connection to this, power analysis vanished from research. 4) \ocabular\ of social sciences changed; for example such concepts as “social class”, “working-class” or e\en “.social cpiestion” were no more commonly in use, because they were considered to be “\alue-laden” concepts. >) Optimistic “background jihilosophv” (a belief that the world or ones own societx can be made a better place In rational cboices based on re.search) faded awa\. .\lso the pre\ iouslv cherisbed belief of'a common mans (“good”) nature and (“positice”) potential for education and spiritual dcnelopinent came to an end. Now pessimistic notions of a common man’s irrational beliai iour and gained terrain.'’ .Mso theories and doctrines based on Darwinistic assuinjitions of the dcwelopment of societi became e\en more popular than before. 'These were hrietlv put the tuest e\ icieiit general trends. Manx- tit them were also general trends in I'Airopean scientific communities. Tspeciallv I3arwinistic or e\en racist assumptions found more popularitx' in different fields of science and the same kind of an effect was also seen in the political and pulilic discourse. Then it is time to turn the attention to legal science. \\ hat were the effects of ci\ il war on legal science.^ I'irst ohserx ation is - astonishingl\’ enough - a total silence.''' \er\’ few’ authors said anx thing about what happened during lyiN in spite of the fact that that \ ear had w itnessed \ er\ interesting and control ersial features and measures from a legal point of \ iew. And absolutely nothing changed in textbooks of law’. 'This situation began to change after the Second World War, first 15 This was the case in European academic world also in general. For example gustave le son’s theory of the irrational behaviour of the masses won great popularity. 16 See JUKKA KEKKONEN, Kansalaissota ja oikeustiede, in heikki ylikangas (ed.), Vaikea totuus. Vuosi 1918 ja humanistiset tieteet. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura 1993, p. 108-117. 449
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