rationality” and “survival values versus values promoting self-expression.” Traditional rational authority appreciates religion, patriarchal and multi-child family structures, promotes confidence in authorities and hierarchic systems but shows little interest in politics; not surprisingly, traditional-rational authority has a tendency to stress nationalistic values. Secular rational authority, on the other hand, negates such values and prefers the opposite; secular-rational authority is based on individualism in almost all senses of the word and - open to alternative life-styles and democracy - is suspicious of hierarchic institutions and family patterns. Survival values esteem economic security and hard work but remain more or less indifferent to values related to questions of democracy, welfare-state institutions and extra-familial relations; not surprisingly, survival values tend to be ethnocentric and to discriminate against minorities. Self-expressive values promote the independence and integrity of the individual and are thus less family-oriented; it follows that selfexpressive values are suspicious of authorities, hierarchical systems and institutions. Using the WVS data, Inglehart and Baker have proposed a value map of the world, which shows that cultural macro-strata are astonishingly related to religion. The North-European countries cluster together in a rational, secular culture with their hallmarks being post-modern openness to individual identity and integrity. The positions of the countries are determined by their degree of economic development. The strength of rational secular authority co-varies positively with the increase in the rate of industrial jobs and negatively with the decrease in agricultural jobs. The strength of traditional 114
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