as second word in the sentence to a nuich later point. The most recent Dutch translation omits the completeh’: "1 let ins civilecn het ins goitinm worden als xolgt onderscheiden."'* So does that of Birks and .McLeod: " Lhe law of all peoples and the law of the state are distinguished as follows."' Indeed, the last ha\ e even im erted the Latin, placing "the law of all peoples" before "the law of the state. The newest (ierman translation is equalh’ fault\', though this ma\’ he less evident because of the (ierman usage of compound words, and because the translators do gi\ e nntem, "aber" a place: "/i\ ilrecht aber und N ölkergemeinrecht |ius gentium] werden wie folgt unterschie- .\n accurate, though less attractite translation woidd run: "Recht aber, /i\ il- oder N olkergemein- w ird w ie folgt unterschieden." »M0 den.M I \ The misrepresentation of Birks and McLeod is understandable.’’ .\fter all, the preceding title, 'J. i.i, ends at § 4., collcctnmcst oiimcx natnrnlihus prncccptis ant gentiumant civilibns, "For it (law] has been gathered from natural commands or of peoples or of states." Indeed, y.1.2 is headed, De iure naturali et gentium et ci\ ili. This seems the natural progression. If ins natnrale is the law that applies to humans and animals alike then we would expect its treatment to be followed by the law that applies generalK’ to peoples, and only then followed Iw the law found in particidar states. But that is not what we ha\ e in y.i.ipr. .\n important question is win' ins civilex'S. treated here before ins gentium. 1 would like to propose as an answer a certain confusion 8 ). E. Spruit et al.. Corpus turis Civilis, Tekst en Vertaling, i, (Zutphen, 1993), p. 12. 9 Justinian's Institutes, p. 38. 10 Their translation of the Institutes is often just wrong, often far from the spirit of the original. If this translation is used at all, it must be used with caution, and checked against others. 11 Corpus turis Civilis, Text und Ubersetzung, 1, Institutionen, trsl. by Okko Behrends et al. (Heidelberg, 1997), p. 3. 12 For a good conventional discussion of the texts see Geoffrey MacCormack, 'Sources,' in A Companion to Justinian's Institutes, ed. Ernest Metzger (London, 1998), pp. iff. On the difficulties of translation see, e.g., Robin Evans-Jones 'Civil Law in the Scottish Legal Tradition,' in Evans-Jones, Civil Law, pp. 3ff., at p. 7. 25
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