I'hc texts of the principiumand §i read: lus narurale esr quod narura omnia animalia docuir. nam ius isrud non luimani generis proprium est, sed omnium animalium, quae in caelo, quae in terra, quae in mari nascunrur. hinc descendir maris atque feminae coniugatio, quam nos marrimonium appellamus, hinc liherorum procreatio et educatio; videmus etenim cetera quoque animalia istius iuris peritia censeri. 1. Ius autemci\ ile \ el gentium ita dividitur; omnes populi qui legibus et moribus reguntur partim suo proprio, partim communi omnium hominum iure utuntur: nam qin^d quisque populus ipse sibi ius constituit, id ipsius proprium ci\ itatis est \ i)carurque ius ci\ ile, quasi ius proprium ipsius ci\ itatis: quod \ero naruralis ratio inter omnes homines constituit, id apud omnes populos peraeque custoditur \ ocaturque ius gentium, quasi quo iure omnes gentes utuntur. et populus itaque Romanus partimsuo pn)prio, partimcommuni omnium hominum iure utitur. quae singula qualia sunt, suis locis proponemus. A Standard translation, that ofJ.A.C". Thomas,' runs: Natural law is that which nature instils in all animals. Kor this law is not peculiar to humankind but is shared bv all animals which are born on land or in the air or sea. From it deri\ es that association of man and woman that we call marriage; .so also the procreation and rearing oF issue; For we see that animals also are imbued with e.xperience oFthis law. 1. Cu\ il law and the law oFnations, however, are distinguished in this wav. .Ml peoples who are governed bv laws and customs use law which is in part particular to rhemsehe.s, in part common to all men; the law which each people has established tor itself is particular to that state and is stvled ci\ il law as being peculiarlv ot that state; but what natural reason has established among all men is obser- \ ed equally b\' all nations and is designated iusgentiumor the law ot nations, being that which all peoples obey 1 lence the Roman people observe parrh their own particular law, partlv that which is common to all peoples. \\ hich is which, we shall explain whenever it is desirable to do so. I'o look first at thepHiicipium in isolation. It presents us with manv of the problems inherent in law, or in official statements of law. It 1 The Institutes ofJustinian, (Cape Town, 1975), p. 4. 2 Thomas confusingly has 'nations.' 11
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