35 “The medieval world was undergoing a process of modernisation that involved dynamic social transformations – land could be bought and sold, women obtained the right to inherit real estate, and alongside the previous binary division of property into movables and real estate, a third category emerged, namely inherited property.” Wysmułek 2021, p.327. 36 Vocabulaire 1997, nº 185. 37 Lisboa, Torre do Tombo, Colegiada de Santa Maria da Oliveira de Guimarães, Docs. Particulares, m. 13, nº 31. diplomatics structure The invocation formula36 some remarks on last wills at guimarães in the 13thand14th centuries The wills analyzed typically have a straightforward structure, but still might differ. Regardless of the legacies and commitments that a testator wanted to see fulfilled after death, there are noticeable differences between wills created in the 13thcentury and those made in the subsequent century. The invocation appears in 52% of 13th century wills, though used sporadically until the middle of the century. In every instance of use, it was the first formula of the testament. When testaments began to be drafted by notaries public, after 1265, theinvocatiobecame more frequent. The most common formula is InDeinomine, but In nomine Domini is also quite usual. In just one case, in a document written by the notary of Guimarães Lourenço Eanes in 1285, this latter formula is appended with the name of Jesus Christ (In nomine Domini nostri Jhesu Christi),37 which makes us wonder if this formula was generally associated not with God, but with his Son. The first invocation written in Portuguese dates back to 1290, in a will made by the notary João Esteves, who would repeat the formula the following year in two more testaments, while other public notaries continued to use Latin in this formula. Inthe14th century, the invocation continued to be the first formula, but it is now used in almost every testament (only in three documents does it not appear), particularly when they were drawn up by a notary. Also, the expressions written between the invocation and the bequests themselves notably changed compared to those before 1301, perhaps dem546
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