“as it is certain that you will come to death” ever, this clause can also be interpreted as a clear sign of the king’s mistrust of his judges, who were threatened with severe penalties if they disobeyed him, as an expression of the “unsecure position Ratchis had after his usurpation”.6 6 Pohl 2000, p. 120. Cf. Tangl 1958, p. 52. 7 Bluhme 1868, pp. 192–193; Azzara et al. 2005, pp. 272–273. For an English translation cf. Drew 1973, p. 224: “We have provided this: that our borders, under the guardianship of Christ, should be so well ordered and guarded that our enemies and our people cannot send spies or receive fugitives secretly through them, but no man may enter through them without a letter sealed by the king. Therefore, each judge entrusted with our borders should exert such diligence and vigilance, both personally and through his deputies and gatekeepers, that no man can leave without letter sealed by the king. And when pilgrims intending to journey to Rome come to our gates, they should be diligently interrogated where they are from. If it is known that they come in good faith, the judge or gatekeeper should issue a document in the form of a wax tablet and seal it, so that they can later show the same provisional document to our messengers whom we have delegated. Our messengers should then provide them with a formal letter allowing them to journey to Rome and when they return from Rome it shall be validated with the sign of the king’s ring. However, if they are found to have come with fraudulent intent, send them to us with mes130 Hoc autem statuere previdimus: ut marcas nostras Christo custodiente sic debeat fieri ordinatas et vigilatas, ut inimici nostri et gentes nostre non possint per eas sculcas mittere aut fugacis exientes suscipere, sed nullus homo per eas introire possit sine signo aut epistola regis. Propterea unusquisque iudex per marcas sibi commissas tale stadium et vigilantium ponere debeat et per se et per locopositos et clausarios suos, ut nullus homo sine signo aut epistola regis exire possit. Et dum ad ingrediendum venerint peregrini ad clusas nostras, qui ad romam ambulare disponunt, diligenter debeat eos interrogare unde sint; et si cognoscat, quod simpliciter veniant, faciat iudex aut clusarius syngraphûs et mittat in cera et ponat sibi sigillum suum, ut ipsi postea ostendant ipsum signum missis nostris, quos nos ordaenaverimus. Signum post hoc missus nostri faciant eis epistola ad romam ambulandi; et con venerent da Romo, accipiant signo de anolo regis. Si vero cognoverent, qui fraudelenter veniant, per suos missos eos ad nos dirigant, et innotescat nobis causa ipsa. Nam qui ille iudex hoc facere distullerit et, quod absit, forte per ipsius noticia aliquis exierit, sanguinis suo incurrat periculum, et res eius infiscentur. Et si presumpserit iurare, quod sine eius premissu factum fuisset, sit solutus a culpa: pro nilectum tamen, si se iduniaverit, conponat in palacio widricild suum. Et hoc addimus, ut unusquisque iudex ponat sollicitudinem per iudicaria sua in partibus Tusscie, ut nullus homo possit sine voluntate regis vel sigillum aliquid transire; et si inventum fuerit, quod sine iussione transisset, vel sigillum, nec edoniaverit, conponat widricild suum.7
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