karl borchardt persons mentioned by Williman (1988) as Hospitallers were not Hospitallers.38 But Williman (2020) includes three Hospitallers: in1343 Fr. Jean de Ripière, cleric of Pamiers, papal rector of the March of Ancona and Hospitaller prior of Rome and Pisa;39in 1410 Fr. Galceran de Requesens, knight and commander of Mallorca;40and in 1411 Fr. Jacobus Scriva, commander of Huesca.41 Considering Central Europe, theRepertorium Germanicumincludes no Hospitallers with a papal licentia testandi, and only one person from the Teutonic Order, Fr. Nikolaus Doster or Hoster, more than 60 years old, who had served in Prussia for more than 40 years. In 1463 he was relieved from district discipline and received alicentia testandi, paying at the same time 20 florins to the camera apostolica. Only his payment is known, not the exact conditions and circumstances of his licentia testandi.42 Among the religiosi who did receive papal licentie testandi, bishops figure prominently. Almost one half of all known cases concern bishops. By receiving the highest-possibleordo ordinis, suchreligiosi were exempted from the ordinary jurisdiction of their religious superiors. Their status made them directly dependent upon the pope as the overlord of all bishops, and so it was the pope who granted them the licentia testandi. About one quarter to one third of all Benedictines, Augustinian canons, Cluniacs and Cistercians, and nearly all mendicants (= Dominicans, Franciscans, Augustinian Hermits, and Carmelites) with a papal licentia testandi were bishops or auxiliary bishops, that is, bishops who supported other bishops but held only a titular seein partibus infidelium. This difference between old, less centralized orders and new, more centralized mendicants is remarkable.43 Similar to the military-religious orders, the mendicants were closely dependent upon their own officials who would 38 Williman (1988) no. 28 Amelius Cabirolli, preceptor of S. André d’Albignac, diocese of Albi, 1375; no. 771 Magdalusius, abbot of the hospital of Le Piane, diocese of Treviso, 1361. 39 Williman (2020) no. 816. Fr. Giovanni de Rivara de Rivugliasco, prior of Rome 1330–1345, from 1335 also prior of Pisa. See above note 29. 40 No. 362. 41 No. 672. 42 RG 8 nos. 4449 and 4495. Esch (1988), p. 324, concerning Johannes Nochi. 43 See below appendix 2. 113
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