testamenta religiosorum – illegal charters? ist, und das thesstament. The paper enumerated valuables Hans von Köckritz had: gold, silver, textiles, and so on, plus 120 florins from the bishop of Sambia (Samland), he claimed, which should be used to improve the walls and the house for storing grain at Lochstädt (today Pawlowo). The papacy was in contact with all religious orders. So the Roman curia provides us with opportunities to observe differences among the religious Orders. Some orders had a stricter rule than others. It was possible to change obedience from one order to another, but only ad vitam strictiorem, that is to anarctior religio, an order with a stricter rule.34 Thepopes also grantedlicentie testandi. The recipients were bothclerici andreligiosi. In most cases the recipients served at the Roman curia. For the period from 1316 to 1415 Daniel Williman, inThe Right of Spoil, discussed 1191 such persons in the 1988 edition of his book,35 1352 persons in his revised 2020 edition.36 His sources include bothlicentie testandi and payments made on account of suchlicentie. 321 items or 27 % in 1988 and 448 items or 33 % in 2020 concernedreligiosi, that is about one third of all known papal licentie testandi. For the years 1378 to 1484 the clerici and religiosi from Central Europe who obtained papal licentie testandi are listed in the Repertorium Germanicum. Most of them concernclerici; examples for religiosi are extremely rare, usually about 5 to 10%. At the Roman curia the military-religious orders usually could not obtainlicentie testandi. It may be noted that such licences were not mentioned in Hospitaller supplications to the popes between 1342 and 1362.37 Williman includes no individual from the Teutonic Order. And the two 34 Several licentie transeundi ad vitam strictioremcan be found in the RG. 35 Williman (1988); at first: idem (1974). Williman (1988) was reviewed by Meyer (1991), pp. 399–405, who criticises Mollat (1933), pp. 316–43. 36 Williman (2020), reviewed by Marta Pavón Ramirez (2021), Quellen und Forschungen aus italienischen Archiven und Bibliotheken 101, pp. 717–18, and by Pierre Jugie (2021), Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes 176, pp. 549-58. 37 Borchardt (2005), pp. 17–39; idem (2008), pp. 9–25. 112 Testamenta religiosorumat the Papal Curia
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