part vi • european legal integration • nina-louisa arold lorenz law. The ECtHRjudges’ earlier careers were as judges, teachers or academics, attorneys, and public officials. Divisions between legal careers are not strict; many have multiple legal experiences such as teaching and government work or similar. Just as in a kaleidoscope, some of the coloured glass chips might be both green and blue, resulting in a turquoise effect. At theECtHR, judges work on the cases with clerks from the Registry on a rotating basis. The Registry composed in 2012 around 270 lawyers (plus 370 members of staff) who are centrally staffed.19 Recruitment is done outside the individual judges’ offices. The official languages of the ECtHRare English and French. Simultaneous interpretation is provided during deliberations. Decision-making takes place in Grand Chambers (17 judges), Chambers (5 or 7 judges, ECHR Art. 26), committees (3 judges, +Art. 28), or in a single judge formation (ECHRArt. 27.)20 All benches are staffed by judges from the five sections and reflect a balance of gender, geography, and legal system. The judge elected in respect of the member state (‘national judge’) shall ex officio participate the deliberation of a Chamber or Grand Chamber if this member state is concerned (ECHR Art. 26). The CJEU, meanwhile, founded in Luxembourg in 1952, ensures the coherence ofEUlawbymonitoring compliance and uniform application. From 6 founding states (Belgium, France, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Italy, and Germany) – with some overlap with its sister organization the ECtHR, but importantly without the Scandinavian countries and theUK – theEU(and therewith theCJEU) has 27 member states. Judges and advocates general are recruited fromEUmember states, with one judge per member state and a rotating system for some of the advocates general.21 To be appointed, each member of court has to be of recognized legal ca19 See Arold Lorenz et al. 2013, 16. 20 The reduced number of judges in a Chamber, the committee of 3 judges and the single judge formation were introduced by Protocol 14; when the study was the previous Grand Chamber of Chamber formation pertained. 21 The Court of Justice of the European Union, s.v. ‘Court of Justice’, Presentation, 2020, www.curia.europa.eu. The 28 judges and 11 advocates general are appointed by common accord by the governments of the member states, after consultation with a panel which 304
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