central and peripheral courts ing on both sides the representation of good governance. In Renaissance Italy and Germany, the tradition was further developed. In the sixteenth century, for example, Venice would represent itself as a figure of Justice, as the main feature of the Republic’s governance.32 Similarly, in Regensburg, a painting of 1592 which hung in the council room of the town hall and representing thegutes Regiment, staged Justice as the central virtue of the polity, assisted by other virtues and qualities.33 In the Hanseatic city of Gdańsk, the council room in the newly built town hall at the end of the sixteenth century was adorned with a series of seven paintings by Hans Vredeman de Vries, all showing a distinct quality of the good public governance. On each of those paintings, Justice plays a role – as for example on the representation of the “Republic’s Council”, where Justice appears (as the only woman) among the circle of councillors.34 Arguably, it was that strong association between Polizey and Justiz, which implied that public governance could not be envisaged without justice, which contributes to explain why eighteenth-century political criticism by authors of the Enlightenment directed against absolutism emphasised so strongly the formula of separation of powers, and thus by inference the presence of justice in thetrias politicaof the executive branch, the legislative branch, and the judicial branch of the state. Yet, the shift of sovereignty, already mentioned, from the early-modern sovereign to the people would affect the articulation of justice as a feature of public governance.35 Good governance –buon governo, gutes Regiment – has traditionally required two elements: efficiency and justice. Until modern times, efficiency was deemed to be achieved if the traditional classical and Christian virtues – many of which are depicted in the allegories of public governance, such as those that have just been referred to – were observed. Any book format: Meoni, Maria Luisa 2001 and especially Frugoni, Chiara (ed.) 2010, see in particular the contribution by Donato, Maria Monica pp. 202-255. 32 Del Fiore, Jacobello http://www.gallerieaccademia.it/sale/sala-i. 33 For a good reproduction, see the exhibition catalogue, Scheurmann, Ingrid (ed.) 1994. The same composition, but in a different style, adorns the title-page of the statute-book of Frankfurt-am-Main, Fichard, Johann, 1578. 34 Wijffels, Alain 2011 pp. 103-116. 35 On the new separation of powers, see Loughlin, Martin 2010, pp. 452-456. 46
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