suum cuique tribuere ted for her in eight volumes with many related articles on legal history.28 Professor Marcus has also published extensively in the field of constitutional studies. At the symposium she delivered a paper on “Hybrid Appellate Courts in the USA in the Early Republic”. In her interesting contribution she not only explained the roots of the judicial review in the intermediate circuit courts, erected by the Judiciary Act 1789, she also with the treason case regarding former vice president Aaron Burr as an example explained not only the role of intermediate courts, with both original and appellate jurisdiction –but also the independence of the federal judiciary in relation to the executive power. The third and last session took the Nordic perspective in a broad sense. How should the North European perspective be defined? Normally the Nordic territory has been identified by the territories of the five Scandinavian countries, but after the Cold War and the breakdown of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s a historical argumentation has entered the discourses by talks about new geopolitical entities as the Hanseatic countries and the Baltic Sea Area. When Sweden in the Early modern period expanded in this area to be a European great power after the Treaty of Westphalia 1648, not only the Baltic states but also parts of the Holy Empire were part of the Swedish jurisdiction.29 The legal historians in the Baltic Sea area have since 2000 held biannual meetings.30 The Baltic perspective at this symposium was given by the Professor of legal history Marju Luts-Sootak at the School of Law, Tartu University, Estonia. Professor Luts-Sootak is a very good example of a contemporary legal history scholar with three identities. She is an Estonian legal scholar, as well as a Nordic and a European one. At the symposium she gave an interesting perspective regarding the influences not only from Sweden but also from Russia as its following ruler in the Livonian legal culture: The Swedish Court and Appeal System in Russian Empire: The Case of Livland in 1710 – 1889. Professor Luts-Sootak compared in her contribution the deep structures of the two institutions erected by the Swedish 28 Greenhouse, Linda, 2006. 29 Modéer, Kjell Å, 1975. 30 Eckert, Jörn, and Modéer, Kjell Å (eds.), 2001. 24
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