mixed legal systems – kjell å. modéer 415 courses on ethics and virtues were, as we have learnt in this volume, a part of the European legal literature of that time. The Rules for Judges ascribed to assessor Jöns Jöransson Lilliesparre is just one example. It was the task of one of the officers in the Court of Appeal, the Prosecutor of the Crown (advokatfiskalen), to control how the judiciary upheld their professional obligations. The peregrinationes academica and foreign studies as a part of the career system declined, however, due to nationalistic-oriented educational ideals introduced with the royal absolutism at the end of the seventeenth century. The introduction of a domestic law exam at the universities in 1749 emphasized the strong position of the law faculties regarding the legal knowledge of Swedish lawyers. When the early-nineteenth-century courts of appeal claimed the decline of this grading at the Swedish law faculties in Uppsala and Lund, the courts organized a formal exam of their own for the candidates who wanted to be accepted as trainees.1177 Interestingly enough, it was not commonplace in the seventeenth century for Court of Appeal judges to start their judicial careers as trainees, but this it changed successively so that only one of 24 judges had not started out his career as a trainee in 1754. Corruption was an important element in successively creating of the professional appellate judiciary. Elitist and social networking, contacts and power politics were commonplace for an ambitious young judge in the Court of Appeal. Especially the Councillors of the Realm were very closely related and linked to each other through kinship or marriage. The trainees knew that patronage was important for a judicial career. Marianne Vasara-Aaltonen’s rich and informative contribution to this volume opens up new and important perspectives on the professionalization of the early modern Swedish judiciary. Legal globalization in modern times has been increasingly important for current legal discourses,1178 but in early-modern times Europe had already experienced a distinct legal globalization, in which both Dutch and Swe1177 Modéer, Kjell Åke 1996 p. 185 ff. 1178 Kennedy, Duncan 2006. The Globalization of Law in the Early Modern Period
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjYyNDk=