the svea court of appeal in the early modern period 414 In an important contribution to this volume, Marianne Vasara-Aaltonen presents a longue durée study regarding the educational and career backgrounds of the appellate judges in Svea Court of Appeal from its establishing in 1614 to modern Enlightenment implemented in the Instrument of Government 1809. Starting with 1614, she has examined the Court of Appeal judges their backgrounds and careers during eleven sample years with twenty years intervals up to 1809. Vasara-Aaltonen identifies the initial problem how to identify an earlymodern professionalization of the court. The concept as such has its own discourse, but she starts out from some elements as the increase of educated judges, the transformation from a European into a domestic legal education, and careers increasingly turning from multitask (administrative, judicial, diplomatic) to pure law-related. During the seventeenth century the external element of the cognitive structures of the judges were distinct. Not only the nobility, but also other elite-oriented groups made study tours, grand tours, mostly to Continental and Protestant European universities. Notker Hammerstein and Simone Giese have in their extensive research within university history identified the importance of educational ideals, Bildungsideal, at the European universities, which the Swedish nobility met in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, a period characterized by humanism and confessionality.1175 The members of the early modern Swedish judiciary started their careers as trainees (auskultanter) in the courts of appeal or in any of the Boards (kollegier) with judicial functions (e.g., Board of Commerce, Board of Mining, Board of Admiralty). The professional environment in those institutions upheld an ethical code, formulated not only in the Swedish rules of judicial conduct, the Rules for Judges (Domarregler) by the Reformer Olaus Petri (1493 –1552), from the 1540s, and printed for the first time in 1635, but also in the oaths the trainees had to swore in. These oath forms have been preserved from the early period of the Court of Appeal.1176 Dis1175 Hammerstein, Notker 2003; Giese, Simone 2009. 1176 Riksarkivet, Svea hovrätts huvudarkiv, D VI a 3 aa: Auskultanteder. The Early-Modern Swedish Appellate Judiciary and its Contexts
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