mixed legal systems – kjell å. modéer 409 which can be traced back to Roman law and to the Digest.1165 The gospel of Matthew 22:21 also incorporated a variation of this separation of judicial powers: “Render therefore unto Caesar the things that are Caesar’s; and unto God the things that are God’s”. European law faculties also visualized this device of legal wisdom in their seals, as in the seal of the Lund law faculty from 1668. The suum cuique principle upheld the status of the royal privileges, resulting in a fragmentation of the jurisdictions in seventeenth century Sweden. This principle completely pervaded its legal culture. The four Estates of the Realm (the nobility, the clergy, the burghers and the peasants) were all affected by this categorization. The nobility got its jurisdiction in the Court of Appeal as a forum privilegiatumwhen this court was established in 1614, the Court thus becoming the important jurisdiction for the nobility. The clergy had its jurisdiction in the diocese chapters, the burghers in the town courts and the farmers in their first instance, the districts courts (häradsrätt, lagmansrätt). The king had the judicial sovereignty to delegate his jurisdiction to different courts. One of the original jurisdictions was that of the King’s internal court for his personnel. The medieval rules regarding the members of the king’s court (gårdsrätt) gave these members a special immunity as a result of their loyalty to the king. This homagiumhad consequences for the strict qualified punishments for crimes committed on duty or in the king’s court. In the mid-sixteenth-century (1539), the king institutionalized this court in the palace-court (borgrätt) for all the civil servants at the king’s castles and palaces.1166 The courts martial (krigsrätt) with its first editions of the Swedish martial law in the 1540s also emanated from this medieval jurisdiction.1167 Interestingly enough, when the Swedish king established an administration in Reval (Tallinn) in Estonia in the 1560s, he succeeded the jurisdiction of the Teutonic Order and established a palacecourt at the castle of Tallinn applying the articles of the gårdsrätt of the Swedish king. When the Swedish crown then conquered new territories around the Baltic Sea, the Swedish king established such palace-courts, 1165 The Digest, 1.1.10.1: “iuris praecepta sunt haec: honeste vivere, alterum non laedere, suum cuique tribuere.” 1166 Modéer, Kjell Å. 1970 p. 10 ff. 1167 Grönfors, Kurt 1951 p. 208 ff.
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