mixed legal systems – kjell å. modéer 403 sities). There were four members of the Council of the Realm and nine assessors, of whom five were noblemen. All the judges should be learned in the law, and many of them held atestimoniumfrom a university in Sweden or abroad. The Court of Appeal as an institution had three obligations; (1) to decide law cases in the second instance (vädjade mål) and in the first instance as aforum privilegiatumfor the nobility (instämda mål); it was also (2) a central administrative institution for all the authorities within the jurisdiction, and (3) a regulatory authority with the obligation to supervise all the judicial activities of the lower courts within its jurisdiction. The obligation to control the judges in the lower instances was necessary for several reasons; they were regularly not trained in the law and they had to report the fines to the tax authorities. A special litigation officer, advokatfiskalen, was installed to exercise this legal as well as economic control of the lower courts. This organization of the Court of Appeal as a collegial judicial institution, aJustiz-kollegium, was also applied to several other colleges including the Board of War, the Board of Admirality, the Board of Mining and the Board of Commerce. Each had its own jurisdictions with different lower courts and an appellate court, and with a right of making a beneficium revisionis to the king in the same order as the courts of appeal. The universities also had a special jurisdiction, the consistorium academicum, at which the professors in the ConsistoriumMajor served as judges in the crimes of and conflicts between the students, and in which forum each of the professors had one chair and vote. This type of academic jurisdiction at the Scandinavian universities had its parallels throughout Europe. In Sweden, the appeal went to the ordinary Court of Appeal. This forum privilegiatumfor the Swedish universities was regulated with help of constitutions adopted for the universities of Uppsala and Lund in 1655. From the 1610s to 1680, the Swedish court system constructed an entity of trained and professional jurists. The courts of appeal became centres for formal legal training by introducing student trainees as auskultanter.1156 The young jurists were sent from the Court of Appeal to act as substitutes for the ordinary judges, who normally held their positions in an honorary capacity. In 1680 King Charles XI (1660 – 1697) ruled that this 1156 Gaunt, David 1975 pp. 31 ff.
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