insignia of independence – martin sunnqvist 377 of a seal used in 1685 under Charles II (of Spain, 1661 –1700) is similar.1129 The iconography was also similar in the meantime. In 1474–1475, there are examples of seals with the words SigillumCaroli ducis burg. in abcentia magni machlinie ordinatum, but only the royal titles were represented in the legends later.1130 The royal arms apperared in the seals of the French parlements. The Parlement de Paris had a seal with a crowned shield with three fleurs-de-lis, supported by two kneeling angels in 1439. The legend was SigillumKaroli, Dei gracia Francorum regis, in absencia magni, Parisius ordinatum. “In absentia magni” refers to “sigilli,” i.e., the absence of the great seal. The iconography was the same on a seal in 1601.1131 Nothing in the legend refers to the parlement as a high court but to an authority independent of the presence of the King.1132 The parlements in Beaune and Besançon had coatsof-arms of the respective provinces and legends containing the words sigillum curie parlamenti.1133 The Parlement de Toulouse, on the other hand, had a seal with a crowned shield with three fleurs-de-lis, above all an angel, and with the legendSigillum Lvdovici Francorum regis in patria Occitana ordinatum.1134 On the seals of theReichskammergericht, a special imperial seal for judgements, was the double-headed eagle with the coat-of-arms of the emperor.1135 The ordinary imperial seal was used from 1625. A court of appeal such as the Kaiserliches Hofgericht in Rottweil, also used a seal with such a motif.1136 The imperial court of appeal (Hofgericht) 1235 – 1451 used seals with legends like sigillum imperialis iudicii, or sigillum iudicis curie or sigillum iudicii curie with addition of the name and styles of the Emperor.1137 1129 See Beeldbank het Geheugen van Nederland, www.geheugenvannederland.nl (last accessed on 5 July 2014): search “zegel grote raad” 30 Jan. 2014, and500 Jaar Grote Raadpp. 81-82 and 84 (although the 1685 seal is wrongly attributed to Charles V on www.geheugenvannederland.nl and wrongly dated to 1865 in500 Jaar Grote Raad). 1130 500 Jaar Grote Raad p. 79-85. 1131 Douët d’Arcq, M. 1867 p. 173. See also500 Jaar Grote Raadp. 75; Battenberg, Friedrich 1979 pp. 180-183 and Scheurmann, Ingrid 1994 p. 400. 1132 Battenberg, Friedrich 1979 p. 181. 1133 Douët d’Arcq, M. 1867 p. 179. 1134 Douët d’Arcq, M. 1867 p. 180. 1135 Posse, Otto 1913 vol. 4 Tafel 58-60, vol. 5, pp. 126-130. 1136 Scheurmann, Ingrid 1994 pp. 140-141 and 187. See also Battenberg, Friedrich 1979 pp. 198-199. 1137 Battenberg, Friedrich 1979 pp. 25-61.
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