the svea court of appeal in the early modern period 370 ment.1096 The full count of attributes of Justitia, including not only the scales but also a sword, is clearly expressed in c. 800 in apoem by Theodulf of Orléans, probably written with reference to apicture at the Carolingian court:1097 Up to the thirteenth century, Justitia most often had only the pair of scales as attribute.1099 The earliest surviving picture of Justitia with sword and scales is from the grave of Pope Clement II of the 1230s or 1240s in the cathedral of Bamberg.1100 Palm and crown, mentioned by Theodulf, occur less frequently.1101 Interesting pictures of “Iusticia” and its opposite “Iniusticia” were made by Giotto in the early years of the fourteenth century in the Cappella degli Scrovegni, or Arena Chapel, in Padua. The male Injustitia has the clothes of a judge, and sits in a disorderly ruin, whilst the femaleJustitiasits in a harmonious arch. Justitia has a coronet on her head and balanced scales in her hands, whilst Injustitiahas a sword and a forked spear.1102 The sword did not become a permanent symbol of Justitiauntil the end of the fifteenth century.1103 Not only Justitia but also the Archangel Michael, had the symbols of sword and scales, or the scales only. In the case of Michael, it was a symbol of the last judgement. From the Middle Ages, there are many images of Michael weighing men and women and deciding whether they should go to heaven or hell.1104 1096 Ostwaldt, Lars 2009 pp. 79-101. 1097 Mähl, Sibylle 1969 pp. 64-72. 1098 Ostwaldt, Lars 2009 p. 99. 1099 See examples in Katzenellenbogen, Adolf 1939 pp. 27-56. 1100 Kissel, Otto Rudolf 1997 pp. 35-36, Bautz, Michaela 1999 p. 275. 1101 Bautz, Michaela 1999 p. 274. 1102 Douglas-Scott, Sionaidh 2013, pp. 209-210. 1103 Ostwaldt, Lars 2009 pp. 182-188. 1104 Resnik, Judith and Curtis, Dennis 2011 pp. 22-25. See examples inArs Sacra, ed. Rolf Toman, pp. 360-363 and 386-391. “… Justitia gladium palmamque tenebat, Libra erat in cuius sive corona manu, Quis tormenta ferat non iustis, praemia iustis, Pondere seu iusto dicta vel acta probet.”1098 Justitia held sword and palm, Scales or a crown was in her hand Someone gives the unjust torments, the just rewards Or tries with verified weights what has been said and done.
RkJQdWJsaXNoZXIy MjYyNDk=