from well-travelled – marianne vasara-aaltonen 311 The emphasis on foreign studies, which was undeniable in 1634 and 1654, and still evident in 1674, starts to crumble towards the end of the seventeenth century. At first, it is subtle, but in 1734 it is clear that a distinct change has occurred. In 1694, the court comprised the president, vice president, seven second class assessors and nine third class assessors. There were no first class assessors present at the court.897 Combining the information from Anjou, the SBL and the Uppsala matriculation records, it seems as though all of the judges had had at least some sort of education.898 Most had studied in Uppsala and one in Turku. President Gustaf Adolf De la Gardie’s (1647 – 1695) trips to Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, England, Switzerland, Austria, Italy and France still have the mark of a traditional grand tour.899 Interestingly, there was only one second class assessor who had travelled abroad. The third class assessors, however, had still been trained abroad. Five of the eight had at least travelled abroad after their studies in Sweden and before beginning their careers. Pehr Broméen (nob. Broméen) (1648 – 1701), for instance, had been travelling abroad for eight years before being appointed to the witch commission, which suggests that he may have been studying related topics abroad.900 Pehr Scheffer (nob. Scheffer) (1657 – 1731) is the only one whose study abroad is detailed: after disputing in Uppsala he is said to have studied in Basel, Geneva and Strassburg for some years, although the Strassburg records do not mention him.901 All in all, of the 18 judges nine seem to have travelled abroad, probably to learn something. Information on the content of these men’s studies is scarce at best: the third class assessor Lars Wadensten (nob. Wadenstjerna) (1649 – 1704) was adjunctus juris and extraordi897 See Nilsén, Per 2003 p. 310. 898 There is one, who is simply described as having studied (von Faltzburg), and two whose studies are not mentioned in Anjou, but there were students with their names in Uppsala at a time, which would be plausible (Wattrang and Huldt). The vice president Erdtman (nob. Schönberg) is said to have travelled abroad prior to his career, which would also suggest that there were some kind of learning involved in these journeys. The same is true for the second class assessor Silfversparre. 899 Anjou, A. 1899 p. 7; Almquist, J.E. 1931. 900 For two examples of members of witch commissions with foreign legal training, see Heikkinen, Antero 1969 pp. 208-219; http://www.helsinki.fi/ylioppilasmatrikkeli/henkilo.php?id=U186 (last accessed on 5 July 2014). 901 Anjou, A. 1899 p. 11; Die alten Matrikeln der Universität Straßburg, 1621–1793, vols. 1-3. The Decline of Foreign Studies: 1694 –1734
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