the court of appeal as legal transfer – heikki pihlajamäki 223 this study. What happened to Livonian law when the Swedes conquered the province? Did the Swedes manage to establish their own legal system in the conquered territory, and to what extent did they even attempt to do so? What was the impact of Swedish legislation in Livonia? How much did Livonian procedure come to resemble the Swedish procedure? Was there a feedback effect – did the Swedish Livonian experience change Swedish law? The Swedish legal procedure was substantially reformed through the Ordinance of Judicial Procedure (Rättegångsordinantia) of 1614 and the Procedural Rules for the Court of Appeal (Rättegångsprocess) of 1615. The Ordinance of Judicial Procedure, as has been explained elsewhere in this volume, created or at least reorganized the judicial hierarchy, and created the foundations of the Svea Court of Appeal. The procedure at the Court of Appeal was then elaborated further in the Procedural Rules of 1615. In addition to the various details of procedure at the Court of Appeal itself, the procedure through which an unsatisfied party could have an Court of Appeal decision remitted still to the king was statutorily confirmed (beneficium revisionis). The Swedish judicial statutes of 1614 and 1615 were not directly applicable in Livonia, the province issuing regulations of its own: the Land Court Order (Landesgerichtsordnung) of 1630, the Renewed Land Court Order of 1632, and the Court of Appeal Ordinance of 1632.606 European models, such as the Imperial Chamber Court Ordinance (Reichskammergerichtsordnung) of 1495 and other similar enactments modeled on the Ordinance, had heavily influenced the Swedish statutes. The Livonian statutes, in turn, were drafted so that they followed the Swedish examples closely. However, the Livonian enactments were not identical to the Swedish ones. We will now see how the Livonian and Swedish statutes were distinguished from one another. Significant differences were involved in the way that the courts of law were to use the legal sources. The Swedish courts, according to the Judicial 606 All three statutes are printed inSammlung der Gesetze, vol. 2, ed. Buddenbrock. The Normative Basis: The Rättegångsordinantia (1614) and the Hofgerichtsordung (1632)
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