professorspolitik och samhällsförändring It may be considered paradoxical that the relationship between the Government and the public authorities remained broadly unchanged at the same time. The dualism from the Great Power period of the 17th century survived with, from an international perspective, rather small ministries and large, autonomous public authorities. The work of the Government was conducted with a clear division of different areas of work. Moreover, a practice had already been established early in the 20th century for the members of the Council of State to gather around a political programme. At the same time, members of the Riksdag grouped themselves into different parties, representing different ideologies and stakeholder groups. A lot happened around 1910 as regards administrative law, and this is also the case as regards Sweden’s higher education institutions. The historical development – from the establishment of professorship in administrative law in 1840 to the professorship in constitutional law including administrative law and public international law in 1889, up until the establishment of administrative law in teaching and examinations around 1900 – meant that a number of ‘administrative’ subjects had gradually been gathered together under the overall heading of ‘administrative law’ (‘förvaltningsrätt’). A degree regulation was introduced in 1904 establishing the position of administrative law as a mandatory subject for thejuris kanditatexamen (Degree of Bachelor of Legal Science). The State strengthened the law faculties’ economic and personnel resources. Otto Varenius, apolitical scientist, took up the post of professor in, among other things, administrative law at the Law Faculty, which had been founded at Stockholm University College in 1907, while Carl Axel Reuterskiöld, a graduate in law, became a professor at Uppsala and Robert Malmgren, a political scientist, was appointed to a similar post in Lund in 1911. In addition, the Riksdag decided in 1909 to establish the Konungens regeringsrätt (Royal Supreme Administrative Court). Two reasons were given: first to relieve pressure on the Government as regards various appeal matters, and second to increase the legal security of citizens in relation to public powers. The establishment of the Supreme Administrative 274
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