summary constitutional law, church law, military law and public international law. Both are of interest as regards the history of administrative law. Bergfalk was succeeded in Uppsala in 1862 by the equally liberal Matthias Theodor Rabenius, who offered something new in several respects. He was one of the first to use the term ‘administrative law’ (förvaltningsrätt) as an umbrella term of substantial scope, something which he justified in his book of 1866 with the ‘outer’ or formal body of the rules corresponding to a ‘substantive and inner’ one, which was important to capture, and he therefore wanted to arrange the various special laws in the field according to ‘certain general perspectives’. Rabenius stressed the characteristic nature of administrative law in relation to private law. He highlighted the perspective of the citizen before the perspective of the State and in particular analysed in more depth the relationship between central power and the local community. In 1866, four years after the 1862 legislation, Rabenius described the municipalities as ‘associations’ of citizens with dual functions. On the one hand they were to attend to their own common matters of concern, and in this case they were considered to be autonomous entities though still subject to some state control. On the other hand, they had the task of attending to ‘true central government functions’, that is to say tasks that were undoubtedly part of the objects of the State, when the municipalities functioned as body for the State public administration. Here Rabenius, without doubt, anticipated how later Swedish jurists would make a distinction between own administration and self-administration. Rabenius adhered to the German models and this not only applied to this issue. He noted how the focus had shifted from law of public order and policy administration to administrative law. This observation was linked to his view of a State governed by law (‘rättsstaten’) which characterised his entire reasoning on administrative law. He proceeded on the basis that public law had emerged in the endeavour to firmly establish the legal relationship between the State and citizens. In the same way as Bergfalk had done some 20 years earlier, Rabenius recommended the establishment of a supreme administrative court and pointed to the models discussed in Bayern, Baden, Prussia and Austria. 269
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