summary the ‘abstract state’ but also the ‘working state’ attracted the attention of legal science. This ‘Verwissenschaftlichung des Verwaltungsrechts’ mixed French administrative law with traditions of Policey- andStaatsrecht. Lines of argumentation were elaborated, corresponding to those that had been worked out in connection with the historical school’s redecoration of private law. Law professors analysed the legislator’s rules and the judges’ rulings and transformed them into comprehensive principles and concepts, collected in the so called ‘General Part’, Das Allgemeine Teil, which was an important marker for scientific identity. It has often been connected to the notion of a so called liberal Rechtsstaat, to the demand from an influential middle class that the State must be a power as well as a field needing legal bounds. Der Verwaltungsakt emerged as the most important concept, in turn emanating froml’acte administratif. An important station en route was the juristische/staatsrechtliche Positivismus, which was a doctrine with some distinctive features. Among them was the idea that law should be sharply marked off from politics, history, philosophy and social science. Of course there are notions of different models than the French-German ones. In England, the idea of an administrative law, clearly designated as such, did not definitely enter until after 1945. However, legal historians of today question the established picture of a fundamental incompatibility between the English and the Continental legal history of administrative law. There has been some form of public administration for a long time. The inhabitants in local communities in those territories that over time came to be known as ‘Sweden’ needed to attend to certain common matters of concern. Through the influence of the Catholic Church, Christian subdistricts and parishes were organised out in rural areas where the inhabitants (that is, ‘the free men’) assembled to resolve various common 265 the period preceding 1800 The Swedish model
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