the century, the lesser nobility could be found as sellers, but at the same time, it was the aristocracy who purchased. During the 15th Century, the relationships between purchaser and seller were more equal in both of the regions. In both areas, the elite could make transactions amongst themselves, like freeholders, parallel with unequal transactions in which high purchased from low ie either the aristocracy bought from the lesser nobility, or rich freeholders could buy from poorer freeholders.The more equal relationship between the parties in relation to sales was limited by pre-emptive rights, since the sales of at least one third occurred between relatives.Thus, for this reason, such transactions were less market oriented. The exchange, on the other hand, occurred very often between equals in Finnveden, irrespective of who exchanged with whom. In Jämtland the relationships between those who exchanged were equal – ie from the same social groups – in the many cases where single men exchanged with one another. If one party comprised several heirs and the other was a single man, the relations were not equal. As to the personal bonds between borrower and lender where land was used as security, the type of security played an important part. I have concluded that where it concerned pledges (loans without interest), the aristocracy in Finnveden often borrowed from a relative or from Nydala Monastery.Where it concerned loans with interest, the relationship between borrower and lender was often a friendship or loyalty relationship. In Jämtland, one often borrowed from the authorities – an unequal relationship between borrower and lender – while in Finnveden one borrowed from an equal with whom one nevertheless had a special relationship. One of the market related conditions that the researchers consider indicates that one can speak about a land market in the middle ages is that the prices are actually believed to have been affected l e g a l a c q u i s i t i o n , l a n d m a r k e t s a n d m o n e t i s at i o n 290 Pricing and payment
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