facts, invariably invalidated the veracity of the conclusions. Hence, the initial premisses of the investigations of the natural jurist were clouded by cultural biases effectively precluding the formulation of truly universal principles of natural law.114 In conclusion, even though the Cartesian scientia universalis was adopted, the analysis of natural lawmore geometrico was frustrated by the failure to eradicate the anti-thesis of a proper analysis in relation to mos geometricus - that is, a failure to eradicate the investigation of all biases and all historical influences from, on the one hand, the synthesis of natural law, and, on the other, from the analysis and deductive application of natural law.115 This resulted in the formulation of a universal system of law identical to what could be deduced from Christian theology, western philosophies of law, ethics, and politics, as well as Roman law. During the 18th Century, legal theory definitely construed law as being made up of two actually competing systems of norms, which on the one hand, implied that the (now) different systems of law could contradict one another, and on the other, implied that the theoretically apodictic and absolute prescripts of natural law became a source of law secondary to positive law, whereby legal theory finally surrendered normative primacy to positive law (especially to legislation).116 In essence, the legal theory of the 18th Century reduced natural law (and itself) to a source of law only adduced once all other, positive, recourses had been exhausted, and thereby, unless a new notion of legal science could make the scientific and philosophical study of law useful again, paved p a r t v i i , c h a p t e r 1 592 114 See, e.g., Denzer, Naturrecht bei Samuel Pufendorf, pp. 295-296;Winiger, Das rationale Pflichtenrecht Wolffs, p. e.g. 23. 115 See Denzer, Naturrecht bei Samuel Pufendorf, pp. 295-296. 116 Schröder, Recht alsWissenschaft, pp. 110-112. 1. 3. 4 18th century: wolf f ’s demonstrat ive method - the obj ect ive axiomat i zat ion and dual i st ic val idi ty of rat ional i st ic natural law
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