One attempt to explain the relationship between the law and the law-making, legislative will empirically: Hägerström’s conceptual analysis is characteristic of him.The concept in question, the will of the state, is demonstrated to have beendefined by reference todefiniendum,namely lawitself,whereby the concept conveys no intelligible information and Hägerström finds reason to reject what only in appearance is a scientific concept.This is because if the law-making subject, the will of the state, is considered to be an expression of the law, while simultaneously it is considered to be a subject for legal rights and duties, then the will of the state creates the law while simultaneously is itself created by law. Hence, the real relationship between the will and the law still remains unexplained and indeterminate. In order to avoid this circularity both non-positivistic and positivistic legal theoreticians have postulated the existence of a will superior to that of the organs of state, thus inserting an additional will, the collective or general will (Gesammtwille or Gemeina ca l l f o r s c i e n t i f i c p u r i t y 331 3. 4 . 1. 1 TheWill of the State Determined by Law “… regards the will, whose content expressed in a certain way is to constitute law, as itself determined by the law.As an example of this we may cite the view that law is the expressed content of the will of the state, regarded as a juridical person and therefore as the subject of rights and duties which are themselves determined by law.This way of treating law is particularly common, especially in modern German legal writings. … /seven lines omitted/ … But, if the state is a juridical person, it of course presupposes law in its turn, and the analysis of the law moves in a circle.”125 125 Hägerström, “Är gällande rätt?,” pp. 60-61; “Is Positive Law?,” pp. 18-19. Swedish: “Först kan såsom cirkelförklaring den teori avlägsnas, som anser den ifrågakommande viljan, vars på visst sätt yttrade innehåll rätten skulle vara, såsom genom rätten själv bestämd. Såsom exempel må andragas åskådningen av rätten som yttrat innehåll i statsviljan och denna som juridisk person, alltså ett visst subjekt för rättigheter (och skyldigheter), bestämda i rätten. Detta sätt att behandla rätten är synnerligen vanligt särskilt i modern tysk rättslitteratur.… /seven lines omitted/ … Är staten juridisk person, förutsätter den naturligen i sin ordning rätten, och bestämmandet av rätten rör sig i cirkel.”
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