that the comparison shows Hägerström’s basically positivistic attitude, namely his principle that only the positive could constitute the basis for a scientific proposition, or to be more exact: only what is positively given or positively determinable can serve as the foundation to scientific reasoning. Accordingly, science should never refer to the supernatural for its verification.This, incidentally, also explains Hägerström’s esteem for Marx, even though Hägerström later in life he became more reserved in his view of Marx as a scientist,45 as Marxism contained too many notions that were unscientific in nature.These notions included the metaphysical materialism of Marxism46 (which Marxism used to provide its political program with a scientific superstructure and authority); the values and evaluations that made up its substratum - its inherent moralistic premisses;47 and the inherent confusion of its political program with scientific theory and vice versa, which expresses itself through the fact that the scientific basis of Marxism was its wish to construct a pseudo-scientific ideology for the proletariat, deriving its supreme authority from the Marxist philosophy of history.48 In conclusion, a central theme of De socialistiska idéernas historia49 is the Marxist analysis of law, which concludes that material natural law, just as material positive law, apart from its legal aspirations, also has political aspirations and political effects, which in turn originate in an actually existing economic power structure.50These aspirations of the legal superstructure express themselves in the contention of natural law that political rights, which are legal per se, exist, which is an argument that by precluding a ca l l f o r s c i e n t i f i c p u r i t y 305 (Karl Marx: Uttalanden Kring 50-Årsminnet),”Tiden: socialdemokratisk ide- och debatttidskrift 25 (1933). 45 Ibid. 46 Hägerström, Social teleologi i marxismen, pp. 28, 55, and 68-70. 47 Ibid., pp. 60-65. 48 Ibid., p. 69. 49 See, e.g., De socialistiska idéernas historia, pp.26-33 50 See also Hägerström, review of Sven Helander:Marx och Hegel. En kritisk studie över socialdemokratisk världsåskådning (Lund 1920), Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift 4 (1922): pp. 252-253; “Marx och filosofin. (Karl Marx: Uttalanden Kring 50-Årsminnet).”
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