imminent act, because a disinterested subject will neither give voice to any valuations nor formulate, or establish any values concerning any factual circumstances or acts (positive or negative).102 It is therefore proper to say that the value connected to an act, an object, or a fact as well as the valuation of an act, an object, or a fact, is determined by subjective factors internal to the observer, rather than by objective factors intrinsic to the observed and evaluated object of the value-judgment. Values themselves are thus not immanent in the object of a value-judgment. On the contrary, values are external in relation to the object of a valuejudgment.Values are internal in the sense that they belong to the internalized moral of the evaluating moral subject - who, however, tends to confuse the value’s quality of being internal to him with the assumption that the values themselves are qualities internal or essential to the evaluated act or object.103 The foreign element, introduced supra when we attempt to establish the difference between right and wrong, is the normative reality to which the obligation itself is associated.104 But this is not the only foreign element that has been associated with the idea that true obligations constitute objective norms.Throughout history, it has been quite common to elevate a specific historical morality to the level of objective morality. Hägerström writes: a ca l l f o r s c i e n t i f i c p u r i t y 275 3. 5. 1 the fore ign e lement 102 Hägerström, “Moraliska föreställningar,” p. 41; “Moral Propositions,” p. 88. 103 Cf. Hägerström,“Moraliska föreställningar,” pp. 34-39;“Moral Propositions,” pp. 8387. 104 Hägerström, “Moraliska föreställningar,” p. 42; “Moral Propositions,” p. 89. “Specifically, in certain systems of moral philosophy one believes that one can often establish an objective moral principle by starting from our actual moral valuations. Since in modern civilization these valuations always present certain common elements, because of similar lifesituations, one thinks that by uncovering and systematizing them one can lay down the correct principle for judging actions. It is in this way, for example, that Spencer and Wundt proceed, each in his own way. Here moral value is connected with the actual valuations of men,
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