are valid regardless of historical facts and events - an objective which is the negation of an evolutionary standard as the latter finds its criterion of validity in history and events. In conclusion, the objectivistic moral system must consist of norms that are held to be valid regardless of the norms’ own adaptability or correspondence to any contingent requirements of evolution.71 If an unobservable reality, or an supernatural reality, is set up as an objective moral standard, then one must investigate whether or not this standard will help us to determine objective morality. Immanuel Kant’s definition of a supernatural will as a standard for objective morality constitutes a paradox.72 According to Kant, moral ontology and epistemology have their secure foundations in this supernatural will.73This paradox arises from the fact that Kant sees the ought as an absolute demand that all moral subjects act in a certain manner, which means that the supernatural will is present in every human mind, and that this supernatural will (which by definition is absolute and universal) is identical for each and every moral subject inhabiting the natural world.74 In conclusion, according to Kant, it is by means of the supernatural will that: a) the objectivity of morals is secured and determined; and b) that we have cognitive access to the content of that moral principle (through its presence in our minds).75 a ca l l f o r s c i e n t i f i c p u r i t y 265 3. 1. 2 supe rnatural real i ty: a supe rnatural wi ll 71 Cf. Hägerström, “Moraliska föreställningar,” p. 30; “Moral Propositions,” pp. 79-80. 72 Hägerström, “Moraliska föreställningar,” p. 31; “Moral Propositions,” pp. 80-81. 73 Hägerström, “Moraliska föreställningar,” p. 31; “Moral Propositions,” pp. 80-81. 74 Hägerström, “Moraliska föreställningar,” p. 31; “Moral Propositions,” pp. 80. 75 Hägerström, “Moraliska föreställningar,” p. 31; “Moral Propositions,” pp. 80-81.
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