exist or do not exist, there is no third alternative.234 If a thing exists, then it is real.235 According to Hägerström’s ontology, things and objects cannot have a graded existence, and objects are real in a material sense (self-identical),while concepts are real in a formal sense (non-contradictory).The former sense of reality is selfevident on factual grounds and the latter on formal grounds. p a r t i 1 , c h a p t e r 3 110 234 Cf. Hägerström, P. d.W., pp. 102-103. Here Hägerström discusses the fact that the principle of principium exclusi tertii does not apply to concepts but only to objects and objective circumstances, but given Hägerström’s logicism the principle ought also to be applicable to concepts. 235 Hägerström, “Hägerström.”; “The Philosophy of Axel Hägerström.”
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