c o n t i n u i t y a n d c o n t r ac t 169 Repression was characterised by a state policy to suppress trade unions by using criminal law and administrative, police law.The phase of toleration meant that the organisations could operate in full legality, but the state took no positive action to support them. Recognition on the contrary was based on the idea of the active encouragement of the system of collective self-regulation. This attitude was reflected in the employers as well as the public authorities taking positive actions in relation to the trade unions by promoting legislative actions for conciliation and arbitration and by the courts accepting collective agreements as legally binding. During the fourth step, integration, trade unions and employers were given representation in public institutions. According to Jacobs, the repression period was replaced by toleration roughly speaking between 1850 and 1900, while the phases of recognition and integration lasted between 1900-1950.346 To the integration of the employers and workers into a liberal society and public administration has often been connected the establishment of special labour courts or tripartite boards, composed of a combination of professional judges and representatives of the parties to collective agreements.347 346 Jacobs 1986, pp. 192-241; Göransson 1988, pp. 142-155. 347 Ramm1986, pp. 242-276; Ramm1971;Aaron 1980, pp. 363-384; Sigeman 1989-90.
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