98 contributions to the legal science of his time are four books that cover a large part of the contemporary Swedish legislation. It is the last of them, the “Introduction to the Swedish Criminal Procedure” (“Inledning Til Then Swenska Processum Criminalem,” 1759) that attempts to present the law of proof in criminal cases the way Nehrman understood it.'* Nehrman’s works on procedural law came to dominate the Finnish procedural doctrine until the 1800s, when they were still used in legal education. Nerhman strongly opposed Roman law. The lacunae in the national legislation were, according to him, to be filled by natural law instead of Roman or foreign law.^ Nehrman’s loyalty to the national statute - the Swedish Law of 1734 — and, thus, the state, gives his version of natural lawa specifically Swedish antiradical taint. As far as practical legal matters and jurisprudential details were concerned, the origin of the statutes - be it national, natural or Roman law— seemed not to bother him, however. This only appears to be a paradox, for as Paasto has demonstrated, it was perfectly possible for elements of Roman lawto be included in systems of natural lawas long they did not enter into contradiction with the basic postulates of natural lawgoverning the building of the system.^ Of the twoprofessors mentioned above, Calonius is of less interest to us because of his rather limited production in the field of the law of proof. Like Nehrman, Calonius can, with some hesitation, be deemed a conservative natural law thinker. As did his predecessor, Calonius combined elements of both natural law and Roman law.^ Insofar as criminal procedure is concerned, his basic views can be traced to his “DissertatioJuridica, de elicienda in foro criminali reorumconfessione,” dealing with confession and published in 1790, and to his unpublished lectures in criminal procedure. Nehrman’s writings on legal procedure will be dealt with below; Calonius will be more conveniently discussed in the next chapter. ■* The other works are the “Introduction to the Swedish Civil Jurisprudence” (“Inledning Til Then Swenska lurisprudentiam Civilem,” 1729), the “Introduction to the Swedish Civil Procedure” (“Inledning Til Then Swenska ProcessumCivilem,” 1732, 2. edition, 1751), and the “Introduction to the Swedish Criminal Jurisprudence” (“Inledning Til Then Swenska Jurisprudentiam Criminalem,” 1756). Because of the frequent referrals to the book of civil procedure, the one on criminal procedure should be read together with the civil one. 5 Björne 1987 p. 28. ^ Paasto 1994 p. 215. ^ According to Wrede, Calonius w'as well aware of “the excesses of natural law and especially of its underestimating of positive law.” Wrede 1917 pp. 112-118; Björne 1987 pp. 31-33.
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