62 cordance with the ukaz was established in the Russian administration in 1714.109 Among the Russian archival documents from this time, there is yet another memorandum concerning collegial reform addressed to Peter the Great. This memorandum, which lacks both the name of its author and the date of its origin, opens in the following way: If Your High Tsarist Majesty most graciously pleases to establish the following seven colleges in his state and in the capital, then the government could be divided between the senators in such a way that each matter may better be decided and executed with less work and to the greater benefit of Your Tsarist Majesty’s high interest and lesser burden to Your Tsarist Majesty’s faithful subjects. The collegial organization which the author of this memorandum proposed as a model for administrative reform in Russia greatly resembled the Swedish administrative structure of the day. The state administration was to be divided systematically into seven independent jurisdictions, each of which was to be administered by a collegial body. The heads of the colleges, the presidents, were to be members of the Senate, just as Swedish college presidents were members of the Swedish Council of State. The first college was the college of justice, or the High Senate, which would “be presented with no other cases than those which, after appeal and review, are sent there from all the other courts in the whole realm.” The memorandum’s brief description of the tasks of the college of justice corresponded to the activities of the Swedish justitierevisionen, which was a division of the Council of State. Given a more compact organization during the reign of Charles XII, the justitierevisionen was a supreme court of appeals in which decisions were reached according to the collegial principle. Jurisdiction over relations with foreign powers was to be the charge of a chancellery college (kantseliarnyi kollegium), as in Sweden. In addition, the chancellery proposed in this memorandum, like its Swedish counterpart, was also to have domestic political responsibilities, and was to keep the “great and small seals of the realm.” The administration of the military forces was to be divided, as in Sweden, between twoindependent organs for thetwobranches of the service, that is, an admiralty (admiralitet) and a college of war {krigs-kollegium). Together with their tasks concerning the organization and provisioning of the military forces, the recruiting of personnel, and the acquisition of no Sec p. 108. This and the following quotations are from ZA (No. 331), 272—275. Jan Eric Almquist, Svensk rättshistoria. I. Processrättens historia (3rd ed., Stockholm, 1971), 23. lUU nu
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