412 the Swedish administrative system, but also took initiatives of his own, thereby influencing the development of the reforms in a direct manner. In recognition of his efforts in the planning of the collegial reform, the tsar gave Pick the estate of Oberpahlen in Estonia. That he enjoyed Peter’s goodwill is also evidenced indirectly by Pick’s application to the tsar in 1724 to accept himas his special advisor in economic matters.* The principal finding of this study is that the Russian administrative reforms were more dependent upon Swedish prototypes than has hitherto been assumed. Not only w'as the framework of the administrative structure borrowed from Sweden, but the internal organization and activities of the various administrative organs were also patterned on those of their Swedish counterparts. Thus, we have established that there were connecting links to the comparable Swedish organs within each sector of the Russian administrative system that began to take form in 1718. This study has shown that the Swedish influence was especially strong when it came to the new fiscal administration, while the military administration seems to have been organized independently of Swedish prototypes. It must be emphasized, however, that the Swedish administrative apparatus was a functional entity consisting of fiscal, legal, and military organs, and it was above all in this respect that it came to serve as a desirable model for Petrine Russia. Special interest seems to have been aroused by the so-called military indelningsverket, or military allotment system, which was used to finance Sweden’s standing army during peacetime. Peter’s reforms also brought a large body of foreign legal and administrative terminology into the Russian language. Friedhelm Kaiser, who catalogued the foreign legal terms in the Petrine legislative acts, claimed that the administrative terminology was mostly of German origin. At the same time, he pointed out that it is impossible to determine whether these legal terms were borrowed directly from German or via other languages.- The present study, however, has demonstrated that a large portion of the administrative terminology that entered the Russian language in connection with the collegial reform came directly from Swedish. This is not to say, of course, that the Swedish administrative terminology was a native Swedish product. To a great extent, the administrative terms used in Sweden had developed from German roots, as Kaiser correctly pointed out. There are, however, several cases in which it is possible for us to state that specifically Swedish terminological varieties lie behind the Russian ^ TsGADA, f. 9 otdelenic 1 delo 53 11. 601—606. Professor James Cracraft of the University of Chicago was kind enough to supply this detail. - Friedhelm Kaiser, "Der europaische Anted an der russischen Rechtsterminologie der pctrinischen Zeit," Forschungen zur osteuropäischen Geschichte, 10 (1965), 271.
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