397 the war against the Turks, and, as a result of this success, a more ambitious program of naval construction was initiated with the help of foreign shipbuilders. Fifty-two ships had left the Russian dockyards by 1698. The Russian naval construction program, which aroused a great deal of attention abroad, was a sign of Russia’s growing military strength, and as such it had a certain amount of influence on the peace negotiations with the Turks at Constantinople in 1699. The Great Northern War, which began in 1700, completely altered the situation for the Russian naval forces. Russian naval interest shifted from the Black Sea to the Baltic, and as soon as Russian troops reached the Gulf of Finland orders were issued for the construction of a regular Russian fleet in the Baltic Sea.“ During the Azov period, the construction of the fleet was administered by the Vladi^nirskii sudnyi prikaz, which was reorganized as a special Adniiralteiskii prikaz in 1700. The naval personnel, in the meanwhile, were under the supervision of the Voennyi morskoi prikaz,^'^ but a new Voennaia morskogo flota kantseliariia, or admiralty chancellery, was formed in 1712 to take over this administrative responsibility. Then, in 1715, two new organs of naval administration were set up, namely the Morskoi komissariat, which was to supervise the admiralty’s economic affairs, and the Admiralteiskaia kontora, which was to function as the chief administrative organ for the naval dockyards.** These later reforms in the administration of naval affairs took place at a time when Petrine naval construction was making its greatest progress.*- Sweden’s military administration had been divided between a krigskollegium and an amiralitetskollegium ever since the first half of the seventeenth century, and the Form of Government of 1634 outlined broad areas of responsibility for the two colleges. Among other things, the krigskollegium was charged with recruiting, conscripting, maintaining, outfitting, and training the infantry and the cavalry. It was also responsible for the artillery and for the maintenance of fortresses and other fortifications. The krigskollegium was established not only as an administrative organ, but also as a military court, where trials were conducted according to the articles of war. Also under the jurisdiction of the krigskollegium were such crimina laesae majestatis as plots against the monarch, conspirations with the enemy to the detriment of the realm, and acts of violence Concerning the genesis of the Russian navy, see RriNHARO W'ittram, Peter I. Czar H?id Kaiser (2 v., Göttingen, 1964), II, 17—27. Bogoslovskii, IV, 274. " L. G. Beskrovnyi, Russkaia armiia i flat v XVI11 vcke (Moscow, 19.58), 5.5, and idem, “Relorma armii i so/danie voenno-morskogo flota,” in Ocherki (1954), .570—571. WiTTRAM, 11, 22.
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