396 units of the “new type," and the new dragoon regiments had been given their own special prikaz, the Prikaz dragunskogo strata, two years earlier.’’ Finally, the Pushkarskii prikaz was responsible for the administration of the artillery and the Pushechnyi dvor, which manufactured gunpowder for the Russian military forces." A comprehensive reorganization of the military forces was carried out in 1699 and 1700, transforming them from a partially standing army into a regular standing army. Up until 1699, the regular army had numbered a mere four regiments, namely the Preobrazhenskii, Semenovskii, Lefortovskii, and Gordonovskii regiments. The first two of these regiments were named after the areas in which they were quartered, while the second two were named after their respective commanders, Franz Lefort and Patrick Gordon. In November 1699, on the eve of the long war with Sweden, Peter issued orders to the effect that twenty-nine regiments of the “new type," each having its own permanent organization and permanent staff of officers and men, were to be set up. In contrast to the earlier regiments of the “new type," which had been organized now and then during the seventeenth century, these new regiments were not to be disbanded in peacetime, but were to remain under arms and were to be exercised on a regular basis. This reform eliminated the dualism that had characterized the Russian military during the seventeenth century and thus paved the way for the introduction of a unitary army organization. Once the basis for a regular standing army had been laid, it was only natural that parallel reforms of the military administration would follow. The Inozemskii prikaz and Reitarskii prikaz were dismantled and their responsibilities were transferred to an ober-korttissar, whose principal task was to pay out the cash wages to the new regular army. A chancellery later known as the Prikaz voennykh del, or the Voennyi prikaz, was set up under the ober-komissar, while a Proviantskii prikaz, or provisions chancellery, was organized to supply the army with grain. In addition, Peter issued an ukaz in 1700 instructing the Pushkarskii prikaz to turn over its functions to a special quartermaster general, whose administrative apparatus was given the designation Artilleriiskii prikaz.^ A new branch emerged in the Russian armed forces at the end of the seventeenth century when, in anticipation of the second Azov campaign against the Turks, the first foundations of a Russian navy were laid in 1696. The efforts of the Russian naval forces proved to be valuable in Ibid., 100; Richard Hellie, Enserfment and Military Change in Mtiscovy (Chicago, 1971), 188, 357 note 61. ' I. V. UsTiuGOV, “Tsentral’noe upravlcnic. Prikazy," in Ocberki (1935), 375—376. * M. M. Bogosi.ovskii, Petr I. Materialy dlia biografii (5 v., Leningrad, 1940—1948), IV, 175—178, 185—186, 269—271.
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