395 organization. Almost all of the prikazy had administrative responsibilities which in some way touched upon military affairs, and thus even this branch of the administration was characterized by a clear fragmentation of functions. Some prikazy, however, were charged with exclusively milltary functions, and we shall look briefly at the most important of them.- As Richard Hellie has shown, much of the disorganization so characteristic of the Russian military administration during the second half of the seventeenth century stemmed from the fact that two different types of armies were attempting to function alongside of one another. On the one hand was the traditional army, with its nobiliar cavalry units and its strel'tsy (a type of infantry that had emerged in the sixteenth century), and on the other were the regiments of the “new type” patterned on the standing armies of Western Europe. The “new type” regiments were armed and maintained by the state, of course, but they did not form a standing army, since they were disbanded in peacetime.^ Because each constituent part of this military system was administered by its own administrative organs, there was no unitary leadership of the military forces. One central chancellery for the military was the Razriadnyi prikaz, which maintained the registers of noblemen liable for state service and determined which of them were to perform civilian and military service, respectively. The nobiliar cavalry units were directly subordinate to this prikaz, which not only issued their mobilization orders, but led their military operations, as well. The Razriadnyi prikaz was also responsible for the defense of the realm, which meant, among other things, that it was to oversee the construction and maintenance of frontier fortifications and organize the defense of the borders.'* Until Peter dissolved the rebelling strel'tsy units at the end of the seventeenth century, the strel’tsy were administered by a special Streletskii prikaz, while the majority of the “new type” units were supervised by the Inozemskii prikaz, or foreigners chancellery, which maintained a register of all foreigners serving in the Russian military. In 1693, it was also stated that “all officers in the new organization are to be judged and administered in the Inozemskii prikaz. A special chancellery, the Reitarskii prikaz, was created in 1649 to administer the recruitment, outfitting, and maintenance of the cavalry ” 5 - Richard Hei.lie, "The Petrine Army: Continuity, Cange, and Impact,” CanadianAmerican Slavic Studies, 7 (1974), 244, states that there were eighteen military chancelleries in the 1680s. * See above, p. 46. * See above, pp. 35, 37. ® F. I. Kalinychev, Pravovye voprosy voennoi organizatsii russkogo gosudarstva vtoroi poloviny XVIII veka (Moscow, 1954), 101.
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