388 in the realm and is the rudder (or the helm) in all of the realm’s affairs. For the same reason, the chancellery councillors {kansliråd) were held in higher esteem than the councillors in the other colleges, and in some cases they Fick divided the secretaries of the kanslikollegium into four categories: state secretaries {etats”-sekretari), who were equal in rank to the chancellery councillors; chancellery secretaries, with the same rank as the secretaries of the other colleges; recording secretaries, with a lower rank than the chancellery secretaries; and the translators and the president’s secretary, who had the same rank and salary as the notaries in the other colleges.•*'' Fick had the following to say about the organizational changes which had taken place in the kanslikollegiumduring Charles XIFs reign; During the reign of the present king, Count Piper was, as is known, nearly a governing minister four years ago, and long before Piper’s death the king, still in Bender, reorganized the chancellery college according to an entirely different, and largely French, system, although with other titles and differences, as one can suppose purposely, because the affairs of the realm can be administered better by six ministers than by one. These six ministers were the supreme ombudsman {vysshii ombutsman), who was the head of the revisionsexpeditionen, and the five omhudsrad (ombuds-councillors, Russian statskii ministr, omhutsrat, tainyi sovetnik), each of whom headed a section in the chancellery. Under the omhudsrad in each section there were, according to the new organizational system, to be one state secretary, one secretary, one registrar, two assistant secretaries, and one copyist.'^® Fick added, how'ever, that “in spite of the fact that this new division of the affairs of the realm into ekspeditsii has been made, the chancellery college nonetheless finds itself still in its former order.” In this context it may be pointed out that Charles XII’s chancellery reform was very short-lived; the organizational system the kanslikollegiumhad had before 1714 was restored after his death. In the early stages of the Russian collegial reform, however, attention at St. Petersburg was devoted to the organizational system of the kanslikollegium after 1714. In the first three drafts of the General Regulation, therefore, we find an outline of a Russian college of foreign affairs that reproduced the Swedish ombudsman organization. The third draft of the ” 33 elevated directly to membership in the State Council. were 38 Ibid., loc.cit. ä-* Ibid., 544. Ibid., loc.cit. Ibid., 546; cf. the budget for the Swedish kanslikollegium, RA, Statskontorets arkiv. Huvudarkivet, 1715 års personalstat. 3' ZA (no. 414), 546. Munthe, 180—186.
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