380 Swedish gcncralhcrgsprivilegium: If such is found on the property of a nobleman, then the owner himself has the right, with the advice and knowledge of the mining office, to mine it and to bring it into its essence for his own benefit and good. This system of mining concessions, which was forced into existence by the crown with reference to its regalian rights to all mines in the realm, appeared to be an effective means for bringing about the mining and refining of deposits which landowners themselves were not willing to exploit. Landowners did, however, have the right to a certain amount of compensation. In the Russian herg-privilegiia, one can see direct evidence of loans from German mining laws concerning the rights of property owners. The berg-privilegiia stated that the property owner had a right to 1/32 of the profits, a rule which was observed, for example, in Saxony. Those shares assigned to the landowner by German mining law were called Kuxe. In German law, however, there was no special compensation to the landowner for damages to, and violations of, his property."** The Swedish generalhergsprivilegium did not provide for any specific share for the landowner, but instead decreed that he should receive full compensation for the damages done to his property as a result of mining operations. While we can note agreement between the Swedish and Russian mining privileges in other contexts, German law served as the model for the regulations in the berg-privilegiia concerning compensation for landowners. The following conclusions may be drawn about the Swedish influence on the organization and areas of responsibility of the kommerts-kollegiia and the berg- i manufaktur-kollegiia. As for the former, we can state that the Swedish model was copied in all of its important aspects. The only exception concerned responsibility for manufacturing policy, which, as in Sweden, was assigned to the kommerts-kollegiia at the beginning of the reform, but was later transferred to the berg-kollegiia. The Russian bergkollegia, on the other hand, cannot be described as a copy of its Swedish counterpart quite as clearly. The staff of the Russian college had little in common with that of the Swedish bergskollegium. As for the bergprivilegiia, which served as the college’s instructions, the Swedish generalbergsprivilegiumof 1649 served as one of its sources, but there is evidence of direct German influence, as well. ’’ Generalhergsprivilegium (Stockholm, July 6, 1649). TsGADA, f. 9 otdelenie 1 delo 53 1. 188v. Hans Baumgärtel, Berghau und Absolutismus. Der sächsische Bergbau in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts und Massnahmen zu seiner Verbesserung nach dem siebenjährigen Kriege (Leipzig, 1963), 25, and Betänkande (1924), 54, 335. Russian berg-privilegiia: Nobiliar landowners (pomcshchiki), or owners of lands under which ore deposits are discovered, from now on have permission to develop such works when they make claims to this ahead of time.
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