377 and large expenses on the part of some, and partly because those who have found and revealed them have not been sufficiently reimbursed: Also, some have put their work and money into this, but are either driven away by others, or have not been able to last, since they have enjoyed few or no liberties for it. . . The two texts are arranged in the same manner. Mention is made in the introduction of how well nature had supplied both Sweden and Russia with all sorts of metallurgical and mineral deposits, but also of how these had not been exploited, since people had concealed them for various reasons. While some people did not know what they should do about the possible deposits they had discovered, others refrained from commencing mining and refining operations because these demanded investments of work and capital so great that, given the uncertain production results, they might not even pay for themselves. Both pieces of legislation also made reference to the inadequate protection of ownership rights as one of the explanations for the lack of investments in mining. Stylistically, the Russian text is simpler and shorter than the Swedish one, which contains a great deal of elaborate and complicated formal language. The right of each individual to prospect for, mine, and refine metallurgical and mineral deposits was garanteed in both of these documents. Just which metals and minerals were concerned was indicated in the following manner: Swedish goicralbcrgsprivilcgium For which reason we have found it necessary and advisable to have this Our General Privilegium printed and distributed and generally published, both concerning all the metals, whether Gold, Silver, Tin, Lead, Copper, or Iron, and also all sorts of minerals, especially Sulfur, Alum, Vitriol, and Saltpeter, which are still to be found in Our Realm and its subordinate Provinces, for (the subjects) to seek, find, settle for their benefit and good, use, and mine . . . The very order in which the metals and minerals are listed in the two documents leaves no doubt that the author of the Russian text studied the Swedish generalbergsprivilegium. ** Gcncralbergsprivilegium (Stockholm, July 6, 1649). TsGADA, f. 9 otdelenie 1 dclo 53 1. 188 a. Russian herg-privilegiia All are allowed and each and every one is given leave, of whatever rank or worth he might be, in all places, both on his own land and on that of others, to look for, smelt, found, and refine all types of metals: gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, and iron, as well as minerals such as saltpeter, sulphur, vitriol, alum, and necessary types of soils, or rocks for the production of all sorts of colors . . . ti»
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