369 to the college of mines. After all, the majority of Russian manufactories were closely related to the mining industry. Nonetheless, it does not seem that the administration of mining and manufacturing was ever completely integrated; manufacturing policy was not touched upon in the instructions for the berg- i manufaktur-kollegiia, and a separate manufaktur-kollegiia was established in 1722.'*" Since there was no comparable college in the Swedish administration, however, the manufaktur-kollegiia will not be dealt with here. The remainder of this presentation, therefore, will deal exclusively with a comparison of the Russian and Swedish colleges of mines. The administration of mining activities in Sweden had originally been the responsibility of the kammarkollegium. In 1637, however, an independent office of mines was set up to deal with the development of mining in the kingdom. For a long while, the status of this new administrative organ remained unclear, but a letter of patent was issued in 1649 elevating it to collegial status and giving it the same “authority, honor, and respect” as that of the other colleges.^® The bergskollegium, as the new college was called, was to oversee “all sorts of metallic deposits, minerals, mines, forges, brass foundries, iron foundries, smelting houses, and all sorts of metallurgical factories, whatever they might be called, (both) those now in use and those which may be taken into use hereafter, and (to) so arrange them with manners and order [that they] shall be correctly cultivated, managed, and operated.” The new college was also charged with judicial powers over those engaged in mining and metallurgy and was to adjudicate all cases having to do with mining that were referred to it by district courts, mining courts (gruvting), and forge courts {hammarsmedsting). Thus, the bergskollegium functioned as a superior court, which, within its special area of jurisdiction, was comparable to the courts of appeals; its findings in such cases could only be appealed to the supreme court of the realm, that is, to the justitierevisionen.'^'^ A permanent organizational structure consisting of a chancellery and a series of offices was developed in the bergskollegium during the second half of the seventeenth century. The chancellery, which was headed by a secretary, was in charge of all correspondence, as well as of privileges and D. Baburin, Ocberki po istorii manufaktur-kollegii (Moscow, 1939), 55, claimed that the joining of the mining and manufacturing colleges was the result of a shortage of personnel to whom the direction of a manufacturing college could be entrusted. An argument against this interpretation is that the availability of knowledgeable administrative personnel was in no way significantly better in 1722 when the mc.nufakttir-kollegiia was organized. Birgitta Ericsson, Bergsstaden Falun 1720—1769 (Uppsala, 1970), 49—50. Kungl. May:tz FuUmacht för Rijksens BergsCollegio (Stockholm, July 6, 1649). ■*“ Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, Om inrättandet av en administrativ högsta domstol eller regeringsrätt (Stockholm, 1907), 13. 1^4 - I’etersou
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