343 Swedish “law of the realm,” or Kristoffers landslag of 1442d’’*’ Assuredly, the commission did have access to a Russian translation of Kristoffers landslag, which had been printed in 1608, and it is even possible to see from the papers left by the commission that it made extensive use of the Swedish law code,***” but this Swedish codex must have seemed antiquated to the members of the commission on the laws. The medieval Swedish provincial and town laws had become quite outmoded during the seventeenth century, even in Swedish eyes. Tlie development of commercial capitalism, with its new forms of enterprise and credit and the resulting intensification of commodity and cash relations, both in terms of legislation and the development of common law, had necessitated the revision of legal regulations in such areas as procedural law and the law of execution. In this context it is worth mentioning that the Svea Court of Appeals was very receptive to Roman legal institutions during the seventeenth century, and that its emulation of them to a great extent fulfilled the need for new legal procedures brought about by economic developments during that period. There were similar economic and legal developments in Russia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The connection between ecoHarald Hjärne, "Svenska reformer i tsar Peters välde,’’ in idem, Ur det förgångna (Stockholm, 1912), 125; V. O. Kliuchevskii, Kurs russkoi istorii (4 v., Moscow, 1904—1910), IV, 259—260. TsGADA, f. 342 delo 32 chast’ 1. Hermann von Brevern, who was to participate in the codification of the laws, was critical of the plans to adopt Swedish law. In his memoirs, he wrote the following: "Dieselben nämlich (i.e., the Swedish laws), so wie sie in dem gedruckten schwedischen Landrecht enthalten sind, seien veraltet, zu einem grossen Theil aus dem canonischen Recht entlehnt, und einer selbst in Schweden längst vergangene Zeit und vcrwandeltcn Zuständen angemessen, die von denen in Russland sehr abwichen. — — — Die Schweden selbst hätten ihre Unzulänglichkeit anerkannt und deshalb wäre vom Könige Karl XI. gegen das Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts ein besoldetes Collegium zu Stockholm angcordnet worden, welches einen neuen Gesetzeodex entwerfen sollte. Das Werk hätte auch einen guten Fortgång gehabt, und die Hoffnung sei vorhanden gewesen, mit der Zeit ein corpus juris zu erhalten, das keinern andern nachgestanden, aber der zuerst mit den Dänen gegen das Ende des 17. und dann mit den Sachsen und Russen im Anfangc des 18. Jahrhunderts ausgcbrochcne Krieg, welcher noch wahret, habe das begonnene unternehmen in’s Stocken gerathen lassen.” Published by Friedrich Georg von Bunge, ed., Archiv fiir die Geschichte Liv-, Esth-, und Curlands (8 V., Dorpat and Reval, 1843—1861), V, 250—251. The receptivity of the Svea Court of Appeals to Roman legal institutions during the seventeenth century has been documented in detail by Stig Jägerskiöld; see JÄGERSKIÖLD (1963) and idem, Handelsbalkens utländska källor (Lund, 1967). For an English summary of Jägerskiöld’s findings, see idem, “Roman Influence on Swedish Case Law in the 17th Century,” Scandinavian Studies in Law, 11 (1967), 177—209. Concerning the reception of the institution of credit, see Claes Peterson, “Generalhypoteket. En receptionsrättslig studie," Rättsbistoriska studier, 4 (1974), 156— 157. Kil 159 im
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