317 Russian legal material Matveev referred to consisted of the Ulozhenie (or Code of Law) of 1649 and the ukazes which had been promulgated after its publication. Peter was able to inform Matveev that the problem of translations was as good as solved; he noted laconically that “the Swedish (regulation) has been translated into Russian[,] the Russian Ulozhenie is available in Latin[, and] it is only necessary to translate the new statutes into German.” A letter Matveev sent to Peter’s personal secretary, Aleksei Makarov, in June 1718 included the following passage, which bore witness to the difficulties encountered in drawing up the instruktsiia for the iustitskollegiia: Only now have I begun to be alleviated of my illness, and in spite of the fact that there is office help available for this task, my endless work is even greater because in such important tasks it is not possible to depend on unpracticed persons, and they cannot understand anything without me. Indeed, the attempts of the iustits-kollegiia to draft regulations for its own operations did not produce the expected result; no instrnktsiia was promulgated for this college during Peter’s reign. The reform of the local administration dealt with earlier in this study also called for an independent court system. As Heinrich Pick correctly pointed out, the Swedish landshövdingar and governors had no judicial functions, since the administration of justice was carried out by a hierarchical system of courts completely separated from the administrative apparatus of the state on the local and regional level. The officials in the Swedish local administration had no jurisdiction over the activities of the courts, but were instead limited to executing “that which the courts have decided and adjudicated, tration and the judicial systemwere intimately intertwined. According to a pattern characteristic for an earlier stage in the development of the feudal state, the prikazy functioned both as administrative organs and as courts. This was also true of the voevodas, who aside from being the chief adminlstrative officers were also the highest judges in their respective districts. The local administrative reform of 1718—19 presupposed a sharp distlnction between the administration and the courts, and the choice of the Swedish system as a model thus led, as has been suggested above, to the establishment of an independent court system. The planning of this new court system was left to the iustits-kollegiia, and that college’s status Ibid., loc.cit. *•'* S. M. Solov’ev, Istoriia Rossii s drevneishikb vremen, edited by L. V. Cherepnin (15 V., Moscow, 1959—1966), VIII, 461. 5^ TsGADA, f. 248 delo 58 1. 3. In Russia, on the other hand, the adminis- ” 54
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