284 for zcmskie komissary {landsfogden or häradsfogden in Sweden), that “the sources relating to the practical activity (of the zemskie komissary) leave no room for doubt, since they clearly show that, during the period 1719 to 1724, the zemskie komissary actually existed and functioned according to the bureaucratic foundations on which the instruktsiia of 1719 had placed them. zemskie komissary had been drawn up on the basis of the Swedish härad bailiff’s instructions of 1688. There is no doubt that voevodas, provincial chief accountants, zemskie komissary, and many other officials were actually appointed and that they carried out the tasks prescribed for them in the instructions derived from Swedish models. The sources also show that provincial chancelleries {zemskie kantseliarii) and provincial offices {zemskie kontory) were set up in the provincial capitals in accordance with the Swedish organizational model.-^"* As we shall see a bit further on, however, it is entirely inconceivable that the instructions provided for these officials were followed in their entirety. The census {podushnaia perepis') began in 1721 had far-reaching consequences for the local administration. The responsibility for taking the census was, of course, originally given to the governors and the voevodas, who were to see to it that complete information about the male population in their gubernii and provinces was collected and sent to St. Petersburg, but in practice it was the army that finally carried out the census and the quartering of military units upon he peasantry that was connected with the census. Senior officers, and usually generals, were Installed in each of the former guberniia capitals in order to head the census taking and quartering of troops, and eventually they were given the collective designation generalitet^^^^ A special census chancellery {perepisnaia kantseliariia) responsible to the krigs-kollegiia was also set up in each guberniia, and, because of the delays in the taking of the census, these chancelleries took on the character of permanent administrative organs.^^' Parallel with this, the ordinary provinclal administration was completely separated from all tasks having to do with the taking of the census and the quartering of the troops, which meant that the voevodas and the other provincial officials soon found themselves in a position of dependence upon the census chancelleries established by the krigs-kollegiia. “In this subordination,” wrote Bogoslovskii, As pointed out above, the instructions for the Russian ” 243 245 Ibid., 141. Ibid., 132—140. -^5 PSZ, VI, no. 3,782, pp. 388—390. Bogoslovskii (1902), 328—329. Ibid., 379. 246
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