249 In comparing the areas of competence of the Russian governors and the Swedish landshövdingar. Fick pointed to an important difference. While the Swedish landshövding did enjoy the “full government” {polnoe praviteVstvo) within his province, his jurisdiction did not formally include judicial functions, which were instead charged to an independent judicial system, and “they no longer have anything to do with justice, but send all matters which arise and have to do with the judiciary to the courts, and thereafter they help to execute everything that the courts decide and judge.” Quite contrary to the position of his Swedish counterpart, the Russian governor was charged with “not only the government in the entire gubcrniia, but also (with) both legislation and justice. As we shall see below, the separation of administrative and judicial functions was in itself a major feature of the Russian administrative reform. The Muscovite tradition of uniting in one and the same position the different governmental functions—administration, the administration of justice, and tax collection—belonged to an earlier phase of development in the feudal state. The social and economic forces which summoned forth the absolutist form of government developed efforts toward a division of responsibility and a division of labor in the governmental apparatus. The following officials operated in the provincial capitals in Sweden and in Russia alongside of the landshövding and governor, respectively: a provincial secretary {landssekreterarc, landsekretar’), a provincial bookkeeper or chief accountant {landsbokhållare, kamrer-, landbukhgaiter, kamerir), a provincial bursar {lanträntrnästare, lantrentmeister), a provincial prosecutor {landsfiskal, landfiskal), a surveyor {lantmätare, landmesser or zemlemeriteV), and a police constable {gevaldiger, khevaldiger), as well as clerks and messengers. Pick provided a detailed description of the duties of the provincial bookkeeper, in particular. It was the bookkeeper’s task to protect the crown’s economic interests in the province. Fie was to maintain careful control of the crown’s real estate and rents, and was to supervise the management of the crown’s tax revenues by the bailiffs and the provincial bursars. For these purposes, he was to maintain direct contact with the kammarkollegium. In addition, the provincial bookkeeper was himself to balance “the general books” {generaVnye knigi, i.e., the jordeboken and the landsboken or provincial book, author’s note) and send them to Stockholm. Fie also played an important role in the drawing up of the annual **•'* Ibid., 11. 2v—3. Ibid., loc.cit. See above, p. 58. TsGADA, f. 248 delo 58 11. llv—15v. ” 134 13.> 136 135
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