237 tovarishchi, were not appointed in all parts of the realm,®® And where they were appointed, the ukaz of 1702 was interpreted in such a way that the competence of these councillors was only extended to matters of civil law which came to the attention of the local administration. The voevodas reserved to themselves the exclusive right to deal with important state matters, especially those which had to do with taxation.®" In 1705, the voevodas were given the right to appoint their own councillors. At the same time, however, the functions of these councillors were explicitly expanded to “all types of state affairs and the collection of money {denezhnye shory)" in order to avoid the limitation of their authority by means of a restrictive interpretation of the previous ukaz. The surviving source materials show that the voevodas opposed this reform and that the so-called voevodskie tovarishchi were usually appointed by the Razriadnyi prikaz in Moscow. M. M. Bogoslovskii evaluated the meager results of the reform in the context of the military organization, which had changed during the seventeenth century.'® In principle, the reform was based on the local corporations of nobles {dvorianskie obshchestva), which had been a part of the military organization {dvorianskoe opolchenie)^ but which had been disbanded upon the founding of the regular army. Bogoslovskii explained that the level of activity in the local corporations of nobility fell drastically when the old nobiliar regiments were replaced by a regular army, and that this meant that the conditions presupposed by the reform of 1702 no longer existed. He saw another reason for the failure of the reform in the voevodas’ lack of familiarity with the collegial system.'^^ It should be pointed out, however, that it was not so much this lack of familiarity with the collegial system as it was the unwillingness of the voevodas to share their power and economic advantages that sabotaged the Introduction of the new system. An extensive reform of the local administrative structure was launched in 1708. According to the ukaz of December 1708 that announced the guidelines for the new administrative organization, “eight gubernii (were to be) established for the benefit of the entire population {vsenarodnaia Eight governors were appointed, and all of them, with the 69 pol’za).” 72 Slitsan, 320. M. M. Bogoslovskii, “Issledovaniia po istorii mestnogo upravleniia pri Petre Velikom,” Zhurnal Ministerstva Narodnogo Prosveshcheniia, September 1903, p. 52. Ihid., loc.cit. «» Ibid., 53—54; Slitsan, 320. '** See above, p. 46. Bogoslovskii (1903), 56. PRP, VIII, 36—41. The gubernii St. Petersburg, Azov, Kiev, Smolensk, Arkhangel’sk, Kazan’, Moscow, Siberia. In to have the following geographical locations: were
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