109 the long run, namely the establishment of a systematic program of education for administrative personnel. In his memorandum to the tsar of May 9, 1718, which we have already quoted in another context. Pick reported that he had written an account “of a simple way of training and educating young Russian men so that they shall in a short time reach a level of accomplishment which will allow Your Majesty to staff with your own subjects all civilian and military positions in the colleges, gtibernii, courts, chancelleries, and so on. contents or fate of this account, but Pick later returned to the question of education, which he felt had to be solved if the collegial reform were to be successful. One way to secure the availability of administrative personnel was to give each college the responsibility for training its own staff. This system was practiced successfully in Sweden, where the so-called auskultant system involved the training by the colleges of young men, noblemen as well as commoners, in various administrative skills. Those who sought admittance to the auskultant program were young men with a general school education, many of whom had also completed the programs offered by the University of Uppsala or some other academy. The auskultanter or junkrar, as they were called in the kanslikollegium, were allowed to practice administrative tasks and to participate as observers in the deliberations of the decision-making boards of the colleges. The kansliordningen of 1661 states the following concerning the activities of the kanslijunkrar: so the royal government {Kungl. Ma):t) desires that four, or at the maximum six, such youths of the nobility, who both for the cleverness of their studies, as well as for other experiences or good qualities, and of their way of conducting themselves, may prove suitable, shall, after taking an oath and assurance of silence and loyalty, be accepted to attend in the chancellery as kanslijunkrar, who in order so much the better to inform themselves about the administration of the realm, shall have free access to the college and the archives, as well as to the senate, whenever the King and the Council do not for some special reason wish to be alone. However, these kanslijunkrar have nothing to say or to do with the business of the chancellery other than to read through the documents which, with the permission of the Chancellor of the Realm, are communicated to them, to audit diligently the deliberations (of the college), and, if any work should be asked of them by the kanslikollegium, to practice copying letters or Unfortunately, we know nothing of the ” 284 285 286 7.A (no. 269), 224; sec .also Cederberg, BeiLige 4, 103. Stig Jägerskiöld, “Hovrätten under den karolinska tiden och till 1734 års lag (1654—1734),” in Sture Petrén, et al., Svea hovrätt. Studier till 3 5O-årsminnet (Stockholm, 1964), 205; David Gaunt, Utbildning till statens tjänst. En kollektivbiografi av stormaktstidens hovrättsauskultanter (Uppsala, 1975), 50—56. Instruktioner II, 361. 285 286
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