96 Civil servants in the central administrative offices, however, received their salaries exclusively in cash,“^^ since this was necessary for the efficient running of the administration. Had their salaries been paid in kind, the recipients would have had to sell the produce they received in order to meet their different needs, which could only be satisfied by cash expend!- tures. Nor did the college staffs have time to market any such incomes in kind, as Pick pointed out to the Russian Senate when he noted that “it is not useful to the state when civil servants have to go to merchants who can purchase goods from theminstead of performing their duties. The seventeenth-century prikazy had had no uniform salaries, nor had their financial backing resembled the Swedish allotment system. Salaries had principally been paid out in three forms: service lands {pomestnyi oklad), cash {denezhnyi oklad), and sometimes grain (kormovoi oklad) or even salt from Siberia. Cash salaries often served to supplement the main salaries in the form of service lands, but in some instances they constituted an independent form of compensation. As a rule, prikaz clerks {pod'iachie) had to serve several years before becoming eligible for salaries in the form of service lands.^^^ There were also groups of pod’iachie who received no compensation at all, but who were expected to support themselves by accepting payments fromprivate individuals for their services in the line of duty. A. V. Chernov noted that “the existence of bribery in the Moscow prikazy is commonly known, and the pod'iachie made no secret of the fact that they ‘become full from the business of supplicants. Salaries varied tremendously within the prikaz administration. In the Razriadnyi prikaz, whose tasks included maintaininga register of noblemen liable to service, appointing officials, and setting salaries for them,-^® twenty-two different salaries were listed in 1675/76. Expressed in terms of money, salaries for the pod'iachie ranged between three and fifty rubles, but when it came to the salaries paid out in the form of service lands there was a certain measure of stability and uniformity. In the latter instance, salaries were arranged according to the seniority of the podj'iachie as expressed by the categories starshie (elder), srednie (middle) and mladshie (younger),^®" with the starshie receiving 350—400 chet* (1 chef =.5 hectares), the srednie 250 chef, and the mladshie pod'iachie 200 chef. The Elmroth, 16. TsGADA, f. 248 delo 58 1. 96. Chernov (1957), 240. *35 Ibid., loc. cit. -*• A. V. Chernov, “O zarozhdenii prlkaznogo upravleniia v protsesse obrazovaniia russkogo tsentralizovannogo gosudarstva,” Trudy moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo istorikoarkhivnogo instituta, 19 (1965), 284. 237 Veselovskii, 184. ” 233 2.35 232
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